模板,为什么以这种方式调用模板功能不起作用?

时间:2012-05-13 03:35:48

标签: c++ templates

我正在读一本书(Accelerated C ++)并从那本书中练习,试图自己学习C ++。

现在我想了解为什么以下代码无效:

// analysis.cpp
void write_analysis(ostream& out, const string& name,
                    double analysis(const vector<Student_info>&),
                    const vector<Student_info>& did,
                    const vector<Student_info>& didnt)
{
  out << name << ":median(did) = " << analysis(did) <<
    ", median(didnt)=" << analysis(didnt) << endl;
}

template <double F(Student_info&)>
double generic_analysis(const vector<Student_info>& students)
{
    vector<double> grades;

    transform(students.begin(), students.end(),
          back_inserter(grades), F);
    return median(grades);
}
template<> double generic_analysis<grade_aux>(const vector<Student_info>& students);

double median_analysis(const vector<Student_info>& students)
{
    return generic_analysis<grade_aux>(students);
    // if not using template function, the code will be 
    // as following
    // vector<double> grades;

    // transform(students.begin(), students.end(),
    //           back_inserter(grades), grade_aux);
    // return median(grades);
}

analysis.cpp

// analysis.h
template <double F(const Student_info&)>
double generic_analysis(const std::vector<Student_info>&);

void write_analysis(std::ostream&, const std::string&,
                    double analysis(const std::vector<Student_info>&),
                    const std::vector<Student_info>&,
                    const std::vector<Student_info>&);

double grade_aux(const Student_info&);

double median_analysis(const std::vector<Student_info>&);

analysis.h

// main.cpp
int main()
{
  // students who did and didn't do all their homework
  vector<Student_info> did, didnt;

  // read the student records and partition them
  Student_info student;
  while (read(cin, student)) {
    did.push_back(student);
  }

  // do the analyses
  write_analysis(cout, "median", median_analysis, did, didnt);

  return 0;
}

的main.cpp

// grade.cpp 
// compute a student's overall grade from midterm and final exam grades
// and homework grade
double grade(double midterm, double final, double homework)
{
  return 0.2 * midterm + 0.4 * final + 0.4 * homework;
}

double grade_aux(const Student_info& s)
{
  try {
    return grade(s);
  } catch (domain_error) {
    return grade(s.midterm, s.final, 0);
  }
}

grade.cpp

,错误信息为:

  

g ++ -Wall * .cpp -o main /tmp/ccbXbVcV.o:In function   median_analysis(std::vector<Student_info, std::allocator<Student_info> > const&)': analysis.cpp:(.text+0x91): undefined reference to双   generic_analysis&LT;及(grade_aux(Student_info   const&amp;))&gt;(std :: vector&gt;   const&amp;)'collect2:ld返回1退出状态

同时,当我将generic_analysis代码声明和定义放在头文件中时, 它会工作。请有人解释原因?

修改 删除行时:

template<> double generic_analysis<average_grade>(const vector<Student_info>& students);

我得到了:

  

g ++ -Wall * .cpp -o main   /tmp/cc3VhXKU.o:在函数median_analysis(std::vector<Student_info, std::allocator<Student_info> > const&)': analysis.cpp:(.text+0x91): undefined reference to double generic_analysis&lt;&amp;(grade_aux(Student_info const&amp;))&gt;(std :: vector&gt; const&amp;)'   collect2:ld返回1退出状态

好像我需要一个Explicit instantiation。然后我添加了以下行:

template double generic_analysis<grade_aux>(const vector<Student_info>&);

现在错误信息是:

  

g ++ -Wall * .cpp -o main

     

analysis.cpp:实例化'double generic_analysis(const std :: vector&amp;)[with double(* F)(const Student_info&amp;)= grade_aux]':

     

analysis.cpp:26:72:从这里实例化   analysis.cpp:26:72:错误:显式实例化'double generic_analysis(const std :: vector&amp;)[with double(* F)(const Student_info&amp;)= grade_aux]'但没有可用的定义[-fpermissive]   analysis.cpp:实例化'double generic_analysis(const std :: vector&amp;)[with double(* F)(const Student_info&amp;)= grade_aux]':

     

analysis.cpp:26:72:从这里实例化   analysis.cpp:26:72:错误:显式实例化'double generic_analysis(const std :: vector&amp;)[with double(* F)(const Student_info&amp;)= grade_aux]'但没有可用的定义[-fpermissive]   analysis.cpp:实例化'double generic_analysis(const std :: vector&amp;)[with double(* F)(const Student_info&amp;)= grade_aux]':

     

analysis.cpp:26:72:从这里实例化   analysis.cpp:26:72:错误:显式实例化'double generic_analysis(const std :: vector&amp;)[with double(* F)(const Student_info&amp;)= grade_aux]'但没有定义[-fpermissive]

2 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:1)

您定义:

template<> double generic_analysis<grade_aux>(const vector<Student_info>& students);

实施在哪里?

如果您正在尝试强制实例化某个功能:

http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/macxhelp/v6v81/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.vacpp6m.doc%2Flanguage%2Fref%2Fclrc16explicit_instantiation.htm

答案 1 :(得分:1)

你宣布了

template<> double generic_analysis<grade_aux>(const vector<Student_info>& students);

但没有在任何地方定义它。如果你真的打算有这样一个明确的专业化,你需要定义它(可能不在标题中)。

如果另一方面意图是使用主要模板generic_analysis,那么您不需要声明上述特化。