Python类继承AttributeError - 为什么?怎么修?

时间:2012-05-20 01:08:34

标签: python class inheritance

关于SO的类似问题包括:this onethis。我还阅读了我能找到的所有在线文档,但我仍然很困惑。我很感激你的帮助。

我想在CastSpell类lumus方法中使用Wand类.wandtype属性。但我不断收到错误“AttributeError:'CastSpell'对象没有属性'wandtype'。”

此代码有效:

class Wand(object):
    def __init__(self, wandtype, length):
        self.length = length 
        self.wandtype = wandtype

    def fulldesc(self):
        print "This is a %s wand and it is a %s long" % (self.wandtype, self.length) 

class CastSpell(object):
    def __init__(self, spell, thing):
        self.spell = spell 
        self.thing = thing

    def lumus(self):
        print "You cast the spell %s with your wand at %s" %(self.spell, self.thing) 

    def wingardium_leviosa(self): 
        print "You cast the levitation spell."

my_wand = Wand('Phoenix-feather', '12 inches') 
cast_spell = CastSpell('lumus', 'door') 
my_wand.fulldesc()  
cast_spell.lumus() 

此代码,尝试继承,但没有。

class Wand(object):
    def __init__(self, wandtype, length):
        self.length = length 
        self.wandtype = wandtype

    def fulldesc(self):
        print "This is a %s wand and it is a %s long" % (self.wandtype, self.length) 

class CastSpell(Wand):
    def __init__(self, spell, thing):
        self.spell = spell 
        self.thing = thing

    def lumus(self):
        print "You cast the spell %s with your %s wand at %s" %(self.spell, self.wandtype, self.thing)   #This line causes the AttributeError! 
        print "The room lights up."

    def wingardium_leviosa(self): 
        print "You cast the levitation spell."

my_wand = Wand('Phoenix-feather', '12 inches') 
cast_spell = CastSpell('lumus', 'door') 
my_wand.fulldesc()  
cast_spell.lumus() 

我尝试过使用super()方法无济于事。我非常感谢你帮助理解a)为什么类继承在这种情况下不起作用,b)如何使它工作。

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:6)

简单地说,您在从其继承的类中覆盖Wand.__init__,因此CastSpell.wandtype中永远不会设置CastSpell。除此之外,my_wand无法将信息传递到cast_spell,因此您对继承的作用感到困惑。

无论你如何做,你都必须以某种方式将lengthwandtype传递给CastSpell。一种方法是将它们直接包含在CastSpell.__init__中:

class CastSpell(Wand):
    def __init__(self, spell, thing, length, wandtype):
        self.spell = spell 
        self.thing = thing
        self.length = length
        self.wandtype = wandtype

另一种更通用的方法是将这两个传递给基类'自己的__init__()

class CastSpell(Wand):
    def __init__(self, spell, thing, length, wandtype):
        self.spell = spell 
        self.thing = thing
        super(CastSpell, self).__init__(length, wandtype)

另一种方法是停止CastSpell Wand继承CastSpell某种Wand?或某种Wand继承?)相反,让每个魔杖都能有一些CastSpell:而不是“is-a”(CastSpell是一种Wand),请尝试“has-a”( WandSpell s。。

这是一个简单的,不太好的方法来使用魔杖存储法术:

class Wand(object):
    def __init__(self, wandtype, length):
        self.length = length
        self.wandtype = wandtype
        self.spells = {} # Our container for spells. 
        # You can add directly too: my_wand.spells['accio'] = Spell("aguamenti", "fire")

    def fulldesc(self):
        print "This is a %s wand and it is a %s long" % (self.wandtype, self.length)

    def addspell(self, spell):
        self.spells[spell.name] = spell

    def cast(self, spellname):
        """Check if requested spell exists, then call its "cast" method if it does."""
        if spellname in self.spells: # Check existence by name
            spell = self.spells[spellname] # Retrieve spell that was added before, name it "spell"
            spell.cast(self.wandtype) # Call that spell's cast method, passing wandtype as argument
        else:
            print "This wand doesn't have the %s spell." % spellname
            print "Available spells:"
            print "\n".join(sorted(self.spells.keys()))


class Spell(object):
    def __init__(self, name, target):
        self.name = name
        self.target = target

    def cast(self, wandtype=""):
        print "You cast the spell %s with your %s wand at %s." % (
               self.name, wandtype, self.target)
        if self.name == "lumus":
            print "The room lights up."
        elif self.name == "wingardium leviosa":
            print "You cast the levitation spell.",
            print "The %s starts to float!" % self.target

    def __repr__(self):
        return self.name

my_wand = Wand('Phoenix-feather', '12 inches')
lumus = Spell('lumus', 'door')
wingardium = Spell("wingardium leviosa", "enemy")

my_wand.fulldesc()
lumus.cast() # Not from a Wand! I.e., we're calling Spell.cast directly
print "\n\n"

my_wand.addspell(lumus) # Same as my_wand.spells["lumus"] = lumus
my_wand.addspell(wingardium)
print "\n\n"

my_wand.cast("lumus") # Same as my_wand.spells["lumus"].cast(my_wand.wandtype)
print "\n\n"
my_wand.cast("wingardium leviosa")
print "\n\n"
my_wand.cast("avada kadavra") # The check in Wand.cast fails, print spell list instead
print "\n\n"

答案 1 :(得分:1)

您需要调用超类的init方法。否则,永远不会在当前的CastSpell实例上设置wandtype和length。

class CastSpell(Wand):
    def __init__(self, spell, thing):
        super(CastSpell, self).__init__(A, B) # A, B are your values for wandtype and length
        self.spell = spell 
        self.thing = thing

或者,您可以在init方法之外的对象上添加wandtype和length作为属性:

class Wand(object):
    wandtype = None
    length = None

然后,它们将始终可用(尽管它们的值将为None,直到它们被初始化)。


但是,你确定CastSpell应该是Wand的子类吗? CastSpell是一个动作,听起来更像它应该是魔杖的方法。

class Wand(object):
    [...]
    def cast_spell(self, spell, thing):
         [etc.]

答案 2 :(得分:0)

是的,super()不是你想要的。有关原因,请参阅this article

不幸的是,通过引用超类来显式调用Python中的超类。

如果我正确解释您的问题,您会想知道为什么.length.wandtype属性未显示在CastSpell的实例中。这是因为没有调用Wand。 init ()方法。你应该这样做:

class CastSpell(Wand):
    def __init__(self, spell, thing):
        Wand.__init__(self, whateverdefaultvalue_youwantforwandtype, default_value_for_length)
        self.spell = spell
        etc.

那就是说,你好像没有使用继承权。 CastSpell是一个“动作”,而魔杖是一个“事物”。这实际上并不是一种对继承有意义的抽象。

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