Java 8:Streams vs Collections的性能

时间:2014-03-26 10:37:37

标签: java performance collections java-8 java-stream

我是Java 8的新手。我仍然不深入了解API,但我已经做了一个小的非正式基准测试来比较新Streams API与旧版的性能集合。

测试包括过滤Integer列表,对于每个偶数,计算平方根并将其存储在List的结果Double中。

以下是代码:

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //Calculating square root of even numbers from 1 to N       
        int min = 1;
        int max = 1000000;

        List<Integer> sourceList = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = min; i < max; i++) {
            sourceList.add(i);
        }

        List<Double> result = new LinkedList<>();


        //Collections approach
        long t0 = System.nanoTime();
        long elapsed = 0;
        for (Integer i : sourceList) {
            if(i % 2 == 0){
                result.add(Math.sqrt(i));
            }
        }
        elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;       
        System.out.printf("Collections: Elapsed time:\t %d ns \t(%f seconds)%n", elapsed, elapsed / Math.pow(10, 9));


        //Stream approach
        Stream<Integer> stream = sourceList.stream();       
        t0 = System.nanoTime();
        result = stream.filter(i -> i%2 == 0).map(i -> Math.sqrt(i)).collect(Collectors.toList());
        elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;       
        System.out.printf("Streams: Elapsed time:\t\t %d ns \t(%f seconds)%n", elapsed, elapsed / Math.pow(10, 9));


        //Parallel stream approach
        stream = sourceList.stream().parallel();        
        t0 = System.nanoTime();
        result = stream.filter(i -> i%2 == 0).map(i -> Math.sqrt(i)).collect(Collectors.toList());
        elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;       
        System.out.printf("Parallel streams: Elapsed time:\t %d ns \t(%f seconds)%n", elapsed, elapsed / Math.pow(10, 9));      
    }.

以下是双核机器的结果:

    Collections: Elapsed time:   94338247 ns    (0,094338 seconds)
    Streams: Elapsed time:       201112924 ns   (0,201113 seconds)
    Parallel streams: Elapsed time:  357243629 ns   (0,357244 seconds)

对于这个特定的测试,流的速度大约是集合的两倍,并行性没有帮助(或者我用错误的方式使用它?)。

问题:

  • 这次测试是否公平?我犯了什么错吗?
  • 流是否比收集慢?有谁在这方面做了一个很好的正式基准?
  • 我应该采取哪种方法?

更新了结果。

按照@pveentjer的建议,我在JVM预热(1k次迭代)后运行了1k次测试:

    Collections: Average time:      206884437,000000 ns     (0,206884 seconds)
    Streams: Average time:           98366725,000000 ns     (0,098367 seconds)
    Parallel streams: Average time: 167703705,000000 ns     (0,167704 seconds)

在这种情况下,流更高效。我想知道在一个应用程序中会观察到什么,在运行时只调用过滤函数一次或两次。

5 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:163)

  1. 停止使用LinkedList除了使用迭代器从列表中间删除大量内容之外的任何内容。

  2. 停止手动编写基准测试代码,使用JMH

  3. 适当的基准:

    @OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
    @BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
    @OperationsPerInvocation(StreamVsVanilla.N)
    public class StreamVsVanilla {
        public static final int N = 10000;
    
        static List<Integer> sourceList = new ArrayList<>();
        static {
            for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
                sourceList.add(i);
            }
        }
    
        @Benchmark
        public List<Double> vanilla() {
            List<Double> result = new ArrayList<>(sourceList.size() / 2 + 1);
            for (Integer i : sourceList) {
                if (i % 2 == 0){
                    result.add(Math.sqrt(i));
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
    
        @Benchmark
        public List<Double> stream() {
            return sourceList.stream()
                    .filter(i -> i % 2 == 0)
                    .map(Math::sqrt)
                    .collect(Collectors.toCollection(
                        () -> new ArrayList<>(sourceList.size() / 2 + 1)));
        }
    }
    

    结果:

    Benchmark                   Mode   Samples         Mean   Mean error    Units
    StreamVsVanilla.stream      avgt        10       17.588        0.230    ns/op
    StreamVsVanilla.vanilla     avgt        10       10.796        0.063    ns/op
    

    正如我预期的那样,流实现速度相当慢。 JIT能够内联所有lambda内容,但不会像vanilla版本那样生成完美简洁的代码。

    通常,Java 8流不是魔术。他们无法加速已经很好实现的东西(可能是普通的迭代或Java 5的 - 每个语句都替换为Iterable.forEach()Collection.removeIf()调用)。流更多的是编码方便性和安全性。方便 - 速度权衡在这里工作。

答案 1 :(得分:12)

1)您使用基准测试时间不到1秒。这意味着副作用会对您的结果产生强烈影响。所以,我增加了你的任务10次

    int max = 10000000;

并运行您的基准测试。我的结果:

Collections: Elapsed time:   8592999350 ns  (8.592999 seconds)
Streams: Elapsed time:       2068208058 ns  (2.068208 seconds)
Parallel streams: Elapsed time:  7186967071 ns  (7.186967 seconds)

没有编辑(int max = 1000000)结果

Collections: Elapsed time:   113373057 ns   (0.113373 seconds)
Streams: Elapsed time:       135570440 ns   (0.135570 seconds)
Parallel streams: Elapsed time:  104091980 ns   (0.104092 seconds)

它与您的结果相似:流比收集慢。 结论:花费了很多时间进行流初始化/值传输。

2)增加任务流后变得更快(“没问题”),但并行流仍然太慢。怎么了?注意:您的命令中有collect(Collectors.toList())。收集单个集合实质上会在并发执行时引入性能瓶颈和开销。可以通过替换

来估算开销的相对成本
collecting to collection -> counting the element count

对于流,可以通过collect(Collectors.counting())完成。我得到了结果:

Collections: Elapsed time:   41856183 ns    (0.041856 seconds)
Streams: Elapsed time:       546590322 ns   (0.546590 seconds)
Parallel streams: Elapsed time:  1540051478 ns  (1.540051 seconds)

这&#39;是一项重大任务! (int max = 10000000结论:将收集的项目收集到大部分时间。最慢的部分是添加到列表中。顺便说一句,简单的ArrayList用于Collectors.toList()

答案 2 :(得分:3)

    public static void main(String[] args) {
    //Calculating square root of even numbers from 1 to N       
    int min = 1;
    int max = 10000000;

    List<Integer> sourceList = new ArrayList<>();
    for (int i = min; i < max; i++) {
        sourceList.add(i);
    }

    List<Double> result = new LinkedList<>();


    //Collections approach
    long t0 = System.nanoTime();
    long elapsed = 0;
    for (Integer i : sourceList) {
        if(i % 2 == 0){
            result.add( doSomeCalculate(i));
        }
    }
    elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;       
    System.out.printf("Collections: Elapsed time:\t %d ns \t(%f seconds)%n", elapsed, elapsed / Math.pow(10, 9));


    //Stream approach
    Stream<Integer> stream = sourceList.stream();       
    t0 = System.nanoTime();
    result = stream.filter(i -> i%2 == 0).map(i -> doSomeCalculate(i))
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
    elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;       
    System.out.printf("Streams: Elapsed time:\t\t %d ns \t(%f seconds)%n", elapsed, elapsed / Math.pow(10, 9));


    //Parallel stream approach
    stream = sourceList.stream().parallel();        
    t0 = System.nanoTime();
    result = stream.filter(i -> i%2 == 0).map(i ->  doSomeCalculate(i))
            .collect(Collectors.toList());
    elapsed = System.nanoTime() - t0;       
    System.out.printf("Parallel streams: Elapsed time:\t %d ns \t(%f seconds)%n", elapsed, elapsed / Math.pow(10, 9));      
}

static double doSomeCalculate(int input) {
    for(int i=0; i<100000; i++){
        Math.sqrt(i+input);
    }
    return Math.sqrt(input);
}

我稍微更改了代码,在我的mac book pro上运行了8个核心,我得到了一个合理的结果:

收藏集:已用时间:1522036826 ns(1.522037秒)

Streams:已用时间:4315833719 ns(4.315834秒)

并行流:经过时间:261152901 ns(0.261153秒)

答案 3 :(得分:1)

对于你想要做的事情,我不会使用常规的java api。有大量的装箱/拆箱,因此存在巨大的性能开销。

就我个人而言,我认为很多API设计都是废话,因为它们会产生大量的对象垃圾。

尝试使用double / int的原始数组,并尝试单线程并查看性能是什么。

PS: 您可能希望了解JMH以处理基准测试。它解决了一些典型的陷阱,如加热JVM。

答案 4 :(得分:1)

Java 8 和 Java 11 的有趣结果。我使用了由 leventov 提供的代码,几乎没有修改:

@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS)
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.AverageTime)
@OperationsPerInvocation(BenchmarkMain.N)
public class BenchmarkMain {

    public static final int N = 10000;

    static List<Integer> sourceList = new ArrayList<>();
    static {
        for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
            sourceList.add(i);
        }
    }

    @Benchmark
    public List<Double> vanilla() {
        List<Double> result = new ArrayList<>(sourceList.size() / 2 + 1);
        for (Integer i : sourceList) {
            if (i % 2 == 0){
                result.add(Math.sqrt(i));
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Benchmark
    public List<Double> stream() {
        return sourceList.stream()
                .filter(i -> i % 2 == 0)
                .map(Math::sqrt)
                .collect(Collectors.toCollection(
                    () -> new ArrayList<>(sourceList.size() / 2 + 1)));
    }

    /**
     * @param args the command line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        org.openjdk.jmh.Main.main(args);

    }

}

Java 8:

# JMH version: 1.31
# VM version: JDK 1.8.0_262, OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM, 25.262-b19
# VM invoker: /opt/jdk1.8.0_262/jre/bin/java
# VM options: <none>
# Blackhole mode: full + dont-inline hint
# Warmup: 5 iterations, 10 s each
# Measurement: 5 iterations, 10 s each
# Timeout: 10 min per iteration
# Threads: 1 thread, will synchronize iterations
# Benchmark mode: Average time, time/op
...
Benchmark              Mode  Cnt   Score   Error  Units
BenchmarkMain.stream   avgt   25  10.680 ± 0.744  ns/op
BenchmarkMain.vanilla  avgt   25   6.490 ± 0.159  ns/op

Java 11:

# JMH version: 1.31
# VM version: JDK 11.0.2, OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM, 11.0.2+9
# VM invoker: /opt/jdk-11.0.2/bin/java
# VM options: <none>
# Blackhole mode: full + dont-inline hint
# Warmup: 5 iterations, 10 s each
# Measurement: 5 iterations, 10 s each
# Timeout: 10 min per iteration
# Threads: 1 thread, will synchronize iterations
# Benchmark mode: Average time, time/op
...
Benchmark              Mode  Cnt  Score   Error  Units
BenchmarkMain.stream   avgt   25  5.521 ± 0.057  ns/op
BenchmarkMain.vanilla  avgt   25  7.359 ± 0.118  ns/op
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