Question

我已经google了一段时间但是找不到用于创建和显示窗口的python3 ctypes和Win32 API的简单示例。请在这里指出好的链接或显示代码。

提前致谢！

Answer 1

这对win32gui模块及其朋友win32api和win32con来说非常容易。没有必要为Windows API编写自己的ctypes包装器。最简单的Petzold风格的应用程序出现如下：

import win32api, win32con, win32gui

class MyWindow:

    def __init__(self):
        win32gui.InitCommonControls()
        self.hinst = win32api.GetModuleHandle(None)
        className = 'MyWndClass'
        message_map = {
            win32con.WM_DESTROY: self.OnDestroy,
        }
        wc = win32gui.WNDCLASS()
        wc.style = win32con.CS_HREDRAW | win32con.CS_VREDRAW
        wc.lpfnWndProc = message_map
        wc.lpszClassName = className
        win32gui.RegisterClass(wc)
        style = win32con.WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW
        self.hwnd = win32gui.CreateWindow(
            className,
            'My win32api app',
            style,
            win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT,
            win32con.CW_USEDEFAULT,
            300,
            300,
            0,
            0,
            self.hinst,
            None
        )
        win32gui.UpdateWindow(self.hwnd)
        win32gui.ShowWindow(self.hwnd, win32con.SW_SHOW)

    def OnDestroy(self, hwnd, message, wparam, lparam):
        win32gui.PostQuitMessage(0)
        return True

w = MyWindow()
win32gui.PumpMessages()

Answer 2

找到了这个漂亮的小饰品，花了一些时间让它只能在标准python 3.4.0标准库中运行，
（对于那些希望通过PyWin32使用本机的人）
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/208699-calling-windows-api-using-ctypes-and-win32con/

import sys
from ctypes import *

kernel32 = windll.kernel32
user32 = windll.user32
gdi32 = windll.gdi32

NULL = 0
CW_USEDEFAULT = -2147483648
IDI_APPLICATION = 32512
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW = 13565952

CS_HREDRAW = 2
CS_VREDRAW = 1

IDC_ARROW = 32512
WHITE_BRUSH = 0

SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1

WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(c_long, c_int, c_uint, c_int, c_int)

class WNDCLASS(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('style', c_uint),
                ('lpfnWndProc', WNDPROC),
                ('cbClsExtra', c_int),
                ('cbWndExtra', c_int),
                ('hInstance', c_int),
                ('hIcon', c_int),
                ('hCursor', c_int),
                ('hbrBackground', c_int),
                ('lpszMenuName', c_char_p),
                ('lpszClassName', c_char_p)]

class RECT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('left', c_long),
                ('top', c_long),
                ('right', c_long),
                ('bottom', c_long)]

class PAINTSTRUCT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('hdc', c_int),
                ('fErase', c_int),
                ('rcPaint', RECT),
                ('fRestore', c_int),
                ('fIncUpdate', c_int),
                ('rgbReserved', c_char * 32)]

class POINT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('x', c_long),
                ('y', c_long)]

class MSG(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('hwnd', c_int),
                ('message', c_uint),
                ('wParam', c_int),
                ('lParam', c_int),
                ('time', c_int),
                ('pt', POINT)]

def ErrorIfZero(handle):
    if handle == 0:
        raise WinError
    else:
        return handle

def MainWin():
    global NULL
    CreateWindowEx          = user32.CreateWindowExA
    CreateWindowEx.argtypes = [c_int, c_char_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_int]
    CreateWindowEx.restype  = ErrorIfZero

    # Define Window Class
    wndclass = WNDCLASS()
    wndclass.style          = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW
    wndclass.lpfnWndProc    = WNDPROC(WndProc)
    wndclass.cbClsExtra = wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0
    wndclass.hInstance      = kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(c_int(NULL))
    wndclass.hIcon          = user32.LoadIconA(c_int(NULL), c_int(IDI_APPLICATION))
    wndclass.hCursor        = user32.LoadCursorA(c_int(NULL), c_int(IDC_ARROW))
    wndclass.hbrBackground  = gdi32.GetStockObject(c_int(WHITE_BRUSH))
    wndclass.lpszMenuName   = None
    wndclass.lpszClassName  = b"MainWin"
    # Register Window Class
    if not user32.RegisterClassA(byref(wndclass)):
        raise WinError()
    # Create Window
    hwnd = CreateWindowEx(0,
                          wndclass.lpszClassName,
                          b"Python Window",
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          NULL,
                          NULL,
                          wndclass.hInstance,
                          NULL)
    # Show Window
    user32.ShowWindow(c_int(hwnd), c_int(SW_SHOWNORMAL))
    user32.UpdateWindow(c_int(hwnd))
    # Pump Messages
    msg = MSG()
    pMsg = pointer(msg)
    NULL = c_int(NULL)

    while user32.GetMessageA( pMsg, NULL, 0, 0) != 0:
        user32.TranslateMessage(pMsg)
        user32.DispatchMessageA(pMsg)

    return msg.wParam

WM_PAINT = 15
WM_DESTROY = 2

DT_SINGLELINE = 32
DT_CENTER = 1
DT_VCENTER = 4
def WndProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam):
    ps = PAINTSTRUCT()
    rect = RECT()

    if message == WM_PAINT:
        hdc = user32.BeginPaint(c_int(hwnd), byref(ps))
        user32.GetClientRect(c_int(hwnd), byref(rect))
        user32.DrawTextA(c_int(hdc),
                         b"Python Powered Windows" ,
                         c_int(-1), byref(rect), 
                         DT_SINGLELINE|DT_CENTER|DT_VCENTER)
        user32.EndPaint(c_int(hwnd), byref(ps))
        return 0
    elif message == WM_DESTROY:
        user32.PostQuitMessage(0)
        return 0

    return user32.DefWindowProcA(c_int(hwnd), c_int(message), c_int(wParam), c_int(lParam))

if __name__=='__main__':
    sys.exit(MainWin())

Answer 3

这是一个基于 @Tcll 答案的纯 ctypes 版本，也移植到“宽”API。原始版本没有正确处理 64 位 Python（将句柄转换为 c_int）并且使用了 ANSI API，不再推荐使用。它还为所有内容声明了完整的 argtypes/restype，以帮助捕获编码错误。

如您所见，使用 pywin32 更容易。

在 Python 2.7 32 位、Python 3.6 64 位和 Python 3.8 32 位上测试。

#coding:utf8
from __future__ import unicode_literals

import sys
from ctypes import *
from ctypes import wintypes as w  # ctypes has many pre-defined Windows types

def errcheck(result,func,args):
    if result is None or result == 0:
        raise WinError(get_last_error())
    return result

# Missing from ctypes.wintypes...
LRESULT = c_int64
HCURSOR = c_void_p

WNDPROC = WINFUNCTYPE(LRESULT,w.HWND,w.UINT,w.WPARAM,w.LPARAM)

def MAKEINTRESOURCEW(x):
    return w.LPCWSTR(x)

class WNDCLASSW(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('style', w.UINT),
                ('lpfnWndProc', WNDPROC),
                ('cbClsExtra', c_int),
                ('cbWndExtra', c_int),
                ('hInstance', w.HINSTANCE),
                ('hIcon', w.HICON),
                ('hCursor', HCURSOR),
                ('hbrBackground', w.HBRUSH),
                ('lpszMenuName', w.LPCWSTR),
                ('lpszClassName', w.LPCWSTR)]

class PAINTSTRUCT(Structure):
    _fields_ = [('hdc', w.HDC),
                ('fErase', w.BOOL),
                ('rcPaint', w.RECT),
                ('fRestore', w.BOOL),
                ('fIncUpdate', w.BOOL),
                ('rgbReserved', w.BYTE * 32)]

kernel32 = WinDLL('kernel32',use_last_error=True)
kernel32.GetModuleHandleW.argtypes = w.LPCWSTR,
kernel32.GetModuleHandleW.restype = w.HMODULE
kernel32.GetModuleHandleW.errcheck = errcheck

user32 = WinDLL('user32',use_last_error=True)
user32.CreateWindowExW.argtypes = w.DWORD,w.LPCWSTR,w.LPCWSTR,w.DWORD,c_int,c_int,c_int,c_int,w.HWND,w.HMENU,w.HINSTANCE,w.LPVOID
user32.CreateWindowExW.restype = w.HWND
user32.CreateWindowExW.errcheck = errcheck
user32.LoadIconW.argtypes = w.HINSTANCE,w.LPCWSTR
user32.LoadIconW.restype = w.HICON
user32.LoadIconW.errcheck = errcheck
user32.LoadCursorW.argtypes = w.HINSTANCE,w.LPCWSTR
user32.LoadCursorW.restype = HCURSOR
user32.LoadCursorW.errcheck = errcheck
user32.RegisterClassW.argtypes = POINTER(WNDCLASSW),
user32.RegisterClassW.restype = w.ATOM
user32.RegisterClassW.errcheck = errcheck
user32.ShowWindow.argtypes = w.HWND,c_int
user32.ShowWindow.restype = w.BOOL
user32.UpdateWindow.argtypes = w.HWND,
user32.UpdateWindow.restype = w.BOOL
user32.UpdateWindow.errcheck = errcheck
user32.GetMessageW.argtypes = POINTER(w.MSG),w.HWND,w.UINT,w.UINT
user32.GetMessageW.restype = w.BOOL
user32.TranslateMessage.argtypes = POINTER(w.MSG),
user32.TranslateMessage.restype = w.BOOL
user32.DispatchMessageW.argtypes = POINTER(w.MSG),
user32.DispatchMessageW.restype = LRESULT
user32.BeginPaint.argtypes = w.HWND,POINTER(PAINTSTRUCT)
user32.BeginPaint.restype = w.HDC
user32.BeginPaint.errcheck = errcheck
user32.GetClientRect.argtypes = w.HWND,POINTER(w.RECT)
user32.GetClientRect.restype = w.BOOL
user32.GetClientRect.errcheck = errcheck
user32.DrawTextW.argtypes = w.HDC,w.LPCWSTR,c_int,POINTER(w.RECT),w.UINT
user32.DrawTextW.restype = c_int
user32.EndPaint.argtypes = w.HWND,POINTER(PAINTSTRUCT)
user32.EndPaint.restype = w.BOOL
user32.PostQuitMessage.argtypes = c_int,
user32.PostQuitMessage.restype = None
user32.DefWindowProcW.argtypes = w.HWND,w.UINT,w.WPARAM,w.LPARAM
user32.DefWindowProcW.restype = LRESULT

gdi32 = WinDLL('gdi32',use_last_error=True)
gdi32.GetStockObject.argtypes = c_int,
gdi32.GetStockObject.restype = w.HGDIOBJ

CW_USEDEFAULT = -2147483648
IDI_APPLICATION = MAKEINTRESOURCEW(32512)
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW = 13565952

CS_HREDRAW = 2
CS_VREDRAW = 1

IDC_ARROW = MAKEINTRESOURCEW(32512)
WHITE_BRUSH = 0

SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1

WM_PAINT = 15
WM_DESTROY = 2
DT_SINGLELINE = 32
DT_CENTER = 1
DT_VCENTER = 4

def MainWin():
    # Define Window Class
    wndclass = WNDCLASSW()
    wndclass.style          = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW
    wndclass.lpfnWndProc    = WNDPROC(WndProc)
    wndclass.cbClsExtra = wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0
    wndclass.hInstance      = kernel32.GetModuleHandleW(None)
    wndclass.hIcon          = user32.LoadIconW(None, IDI_APPLICATION)
    wndclass.hCursor        = user32.LoadCursorW(None, IDC_ARROW)
    wndclass.hbrBackground  = gdi32.GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH)
    wndclass.lpszMenuName   = None
    wndclass.lpszClassName  = 'MainWin'

    # Register Window Class
    user32.RegisterClassW(byref(wndclass))

    # Create Window
    hwnd = user32.CreateWindowExW(0,
                          wndclass.lpszClassName,
                          'Python Window',
                          WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          CW_USEDEFAULT,
                          None,
                          None,
                          wndclass.hInstance,
                          None)
    # Show Window
    user32.ShowWindow(hwnd,SW_SHOWNORMAL)
    user32.UpdateWindow(hwnd)

    # Pump Messages
    msg = w.MSG()
    while user32.GetMessageW(byref(msg), None, 0, 0) != 0:
        user32.TranslateMessage(byref(msg))
        user32.DispatchMessageW(byref(msg))

    return msg.wParam

def WndProc(hwnd, message, wParam, lParam):
    ps = PAINTSTRUCT()
    rect = w.RECT()

    if message == WM_PAINT:
        hdc = user32.BeginPaint(hwnd,byref(ps))
        user32.GetClientRect(hwnd,byref(rect))
        user32.DrawTextW(hdc,
                         'Python Powered Windows 你好吗？',
                         -1, byref(rect), 
                         DT_SINGLELINE|DT_CENTER|DT_VCENTER)
        user32.EndPaint(hwnd,byref(ps))
        return 0
    elif message == WM_DESTROY:
        user32.PostQuitMessage(0)
        return 0

    return user32.DefWindowProcW(hwnd,message,wParam,lParam)

if __name__=='__main__':
    sys.exit(MainWin())

python3 ctype CreateWindowEx简单示例

3 个答案: