使用存在类型Haskell时发生类型错误

时间:2019-09-23 10:52:44

标签: haskell

我正在Haskell中使用“存在类型”进行实验。我正在构建一个非常短的Json库,并试图构建一个折叠。 使用forall量词的代码中出现错误!

class (Show m) => JsonValue m

instance JsonValue Int
instance JsonValue Double
instance JsonValue String
instance JsonValue Bool

data Json = JObject [(String, Json)]
          | JArray [Json]
          | forall a . (JsonValue a) => JValue a

foldJ :: ([(String, b)] -> b) -> ([b] -> b) -> forall a . (JsonValue a) => (a -> b) -> Json -> b
foldJ object array value (JObject xs) = object $ map (bimap id (foldJ object array value)) xs
foldJ object array value (JArray xs)  = array $ map (foldJ object array value) xs
foldJ object array value (JValue x)   = value x -- ERROR HERE

我正在使用-XExistentialTypes -XFlexibleInstances -XRank2Types

错误看起来像这样:

Json.hs:335:47: error:
    • Couldn't match expected type ‘a’ with actual type ‘a1’
      ‘a1’ is a rigid type variable bound by
        a pattern with constructor:
          JValue :: forall a. JsonValue a => a -> Json,
        in an equation for ‘foldJ’
        at Json.hs:335:27-34
      ‘a’ is a rigid type variable bound by
        the type signature for:
          foldJ :: ([(String, b)] -> b)
                   -> ([b] -> b) -> forall a. JsonValue a => (a -> b) -> Json -> b
        at Json.hs:(333,1)-(335,47)
    • In the first argument of ‘value’, namely ‘x’
      In the expression: value x
      In an equation for ‘foldJ’:
          foldJ object array value (JValue x) = value x
    • Relevant bindings include
        x :: a1 (bound at Json.hs:335:34)
        value :: a -> b (bound at Json.hs:335:20)
    |
335 | foldJ object array value (JValue x)   = value x
    |                                               ^
Failed, one module loaded.

这真让我感到困惑。香港专业教育学院使用类型的孔和一切似乎像它是正确的类型,但当我把它放在一起没有任何作用

1 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:3)

和往常一样,签名被解析为右关联的,即它是

foldJ :: ([(String, b)] -> b)
         -> ( ([b] -> b)
              -> ( ∀ a . (JsonValue a)
                      => (a -> b) -> (Json -> b)
                 )
            )

不是∀量化了第二个应用程序的结果。因此,它处于协变位置,这意味着使用该函数的人都可以选择a是什么类型。实际上,您的签名等同于

foldJ :: JsonValue a
  => ([(String, b)] -> b) -> ([b] -> b) -> (a -> b) -> (Json -> b)

但这不是您要表达的:调用者无法选择类型,因为它隐藏在json结构中!

您真正想要的是使quantor只运行在a -> b 参数上,即调用方必须提供适用于任何类型的参数 a

foldJ :: ([(String, b)] -> b)
         -> ( ([b] -> b)
              -> ( (∀ a . (JsonValue a) => (a -> b))
                    -> (Json -> b)
                 )
            )
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