通用集合& java中的通配符

时间:2011-09-09 14:26:45

标签: java generics collections wildcard

在以下情况下,我无法理解仿制药,请参阅下面的内联评论以解答我的问题:

public void exampleMethod() {
    //Intuitively I would expect this to mean that test is set containing objects 
    //that subclass AbstractGroup
    Set<? extends AbstractGroup> test;

    //Yet the compiler complains here and I do not understand why?

    test.add(new AnyAbstractGroupSubGroup());

    //I would guess that a method call such as this at runtime

    test = new HashSet<SubGroupA>()

    //would mean that only objects of subgroupA can be added to the collection, but then
    //what is the point in using the wildcard in the first place?  
}

3 个答案:

答案 0 :(得分:8)

//Intuitively I would expect this to mean that test is set containing objects 
//that subclass AbstractGroup
Set<? extends AbstractGroup> test;

不,这意味着它是一组特定的?它扩展了AbstractGroup。你和编制者都没有办法知道那是什么?是的,所以你无法向该套装添加任何东西。

您可以将集合的值分配给AbstractGroup类型的变量,但不能相反。

相反,你需要这个:

Set<? super AbstractGroup> test;

这个原则有时被称为PECS,并且很好地解释了in this answer

答案 1 :(得分:4)

  

Set<? extends AbstractGroup> test;

这意味着你的集合可以是扩展AbstractGroup的任何对象的集合,但通常编译器不允许你向该集合添加内容(因为它无法判断你是否要添加例子) SubGroupBSet<SubGroupA>等。)。

  

test = new HashSet<SubGroupA>()

您的实际集合只包含SubGroupA类型的对象及其子类。 但是,编译器仍然不知道test的内容是什么(见上文)。

外卡的要点是:您可以将任何集合分配给使用AbstractGroup或子类参数化的变量,从而确保您可以在中投射所有对象AbstractGroup(编译器检查)。

如果你想拥有一个可以包含任何AbstractGroup对象的集合,就不要使用通配符。

//this would compile (under the assumption that SubGroupA extends AbstractGroup)
Set<? extends AbstractGroup> test = new HashSet<SubGroupA>(); 

//this wouldn't compile, since the compiler doesn't know the type of test (it might change at runtime etc.)
test.add(new SubGroupA());


//this wouldn't compile since AbstractGroup and SubGroupA are not the exact same type (hence the wildcard would be needed here)
Set<AbstractGroup> test = new HashSet<SubGroupA>();

//this would compile
Set<AbstractGroup> test = new HashSet<AbstractGroup>();
test.add(new SubGroupA());

答案 2 :(得分:2)

这里不需要使用通配符在你的情况下,只需说

即可
Set<AbstractGroup> test;

然后您可以将AbstractGroup的任何子类放入集合中。

此外,您似乎没有在上面的代码中初始化测试。